UNDERSTANDING KRATOM ALKALOIDS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

What is an alkaloid?

A kratom alkaloid is a naturally occurring organic compound made up of one or more nitrogen atoms. It may also contain elements such as hydrogen, carbon, sulfur, oxygen, chlorine, and phosphorus. These compounds typically derive from amino acids and have various effects.

Because synthesizing alkaloids in labs can be challenging, scientists often isolate them from natural sources. While plants are the primary source, some animals can also produce alkaloids. Additionally, certain synthetic compounds may resemble alkaloids in structure.

Alkaloids are found in many foods, beverages, and natural substances and are known to have biological interactions with people and animals.

Some research suggests they may have antifungal, anesthetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuropharmacological properties.

What are kratom alkaloids, and how do they work?

Kratom, also known as Mitragyna speciosa, is a tropical plant in the Rubiaceae family. It grows naturally in Southeast Asian countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, and Indonesia. The leaves of the plant have been traditionally used by locals for various wellness-related purposes.

In recent years, kratom has gained popularity in the West and is available in several forms, including powder, capsules, extracts, gummies, and tea.

Alkaloids are the primary active compounds in kratom and are largely responsible for the plant’s effects. Since many of these alkaloids are unique to Mitragyna speciosa, some people seek out the plant specifically for these properties.

Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are the most well-known alkaloids found in kratom. While these two receive the most attention, studies show that the plant may contain over 50 other chemical constituents.

Although all kratom alkaloids share similar base elements, each has a unique molecular structure. The concentration and combination of these compounds can vary by strain and are believed to influence the plant’s overall effects.

Let’s explore various alkaloids in kratom and how they work below.

Mitragynine

Mitragynine is an indole-based compound and the most commonly isolated ingredient in Mitragyna speciosa. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the leaves and other extracts of this plant may offer various wellness-supporting properties.

One commonly noted benefit of this alkaloid is its potential to support comfort and relaxation. Some users also report feeling energized or more at ease, depending on individual use and amount consumed.

Its molecular structure includes hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon atoms. The concentration of mitragynine can vary across different strains—accounting for up to 66% of the total alkaloid content in some Thai strains and as low as 12% in certain Malaysian types.

This compound is a selective agonist that interacts with receptors in the brain, including those influenced by other naturally occurring compounds in the body. Some research suggests it may play a role in moderating or balancing certain responses.

Because of its potential traditional and modern applications, kratom has been used for generations in Southeast Asia. Today, many people around the world explore kratom in forms such as capsules, powder, dried leaves, extracts, and tea.

Mitragynine is also present in other species of Mitragyna, including M. rotundifolia, M. javanica, and M. hirsuta, although the levels may differ across species.

7-hydroxymitragynine

Also referred to as 7-OH, 7-hydroxymitragynine is a naturally occurring indole alkaloid found in kratom. It’s a byproduct of mitragynine and is considered the second most prominent component of the plant.

The molecular structure of 7-OH is similar to that of mitragynine. Both alkaloids interact with the same receptors in the brain, which contributes to their effects. Their similarities stem from how 7-OH is formed during the plant's natural metabolic processes.

As Mitragyna speciosa matures, it initially produces mitragynine. Over time, some of this compound undergoes oxidation and converts into 7-hydroxymitragynine. This is why red vein kratom—typically harvested later—tends to have higher levels of 7-OH compared to earlier-harvested varieties.

Although 7-OH only accounts for up to 2% of the total alkaloid content, it is believed to play a significant role in shaping the overall effects users associate with kratom. Some individuals note that this compound may support relaxation and a sense of comfort.

Speciociliatine

Speciociliatine is an alkaloid found in kratom leaves, comprising up to 2.9% of the dried leaf’s content. It is a stereoisomer of mitragynine, meaning it shares the same chemical formula but has a different atomic arrangement.

Like other kratom alkaloids, speciociliatine may interact with certain receptors in the body. Researchers are still exploring whether this compound functions as an agonist (triggering a response) or an antagonist (blocking a response).

While research is limited, its structural similarity to mitragynine suggests it may contribute to the overall experience of kratom. Some users associate it with increased energy or a more balanced mood. Strains such as Red Borneo, Maeng Da, and Kali Kratom are reported to contain higher levels of this alkaloid.

Speciogynine

Speciogynine is one of the lesser-known alkaloids found in kratom and contributes to the plant’s overall alkaloid profile. During the kratom plant’s growth cycle, mitragynine undergoes a natural metabolic process that leads to the formation of speciogynine.

This compound is a diastereoisomer of mitragynine, meaning it shares a similar chemical structure but with a different molecular arrangement. Speciogynine can make up as much as 8% of the total alkaloid content in the kratom plant.

Due to limited research, the specific role of speciogynine in the body is still being studied. However, based on its structural similarity to mitragynine, researchers believe it may contribute to the overall experience associated with kratom.

Some anecdotal reports suggest it may support relaxation and a calm state of mind. Others associate it with increased alertness, depending on the variety and individual factors.

Corynanthine

Corynanthine is another naturally occurring alkaloid found in kratom, though it hasn’t been widely studied. It’s often more abundant in red vein varieties.

This compound interacts with alpha-adrenergic receptors, which are part of the system responsible for regulating the body’s response to stress. Corynanthine is thought to act as an antagonist, meaning it may limit the effects of adrenaline—the hormone associated with heightened alertness or nervousness.

By moderating this response, corynanthine may contribute to a more relaxed state. Some believe it may also support muscle relaxation and comfort. Because of these calming properties, it has been associated with promoting a sense of ease and balance.

Paynantheine

Paynantheine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in Mitragyna speciosa and interacts with various receptors in the body. This minor compound is a derivative of mitragynine and forms as part of the plant’s metabolic process.

It shares some similarities with 7-hydroxymitragynine, as both engage with the body in comparable ways. A 2014 study noted that paynantheine is present in relatively high amounts in kratom, even more so than 7-OH in some cases.

Despite its prevalence, paynantheine remains less researched. Its specific actions, potential applications, and overall effects are still being explored.

Some early findings suggest this alkaloid may contribute to comfort and restfulness. It’s also thought to support relaxation depending on how it's used.

A detailed list of additional naturally occurring kratom alkaloids includes:

• Corynoxine
• Isocorynantheidine
• Mitraphylline
• Mitrafoline
• Isopteropodine
• Mitraversine
• 9-hydroxycorynantheidine
• Tetrahydroalstonine
• Akuammigine
• Isomitrafolin
• Ajmalicine
• Ciliaphylline speciosa
• Mitragynine oxindoles A and B
• Stipulatine

Each of these compounds typically makes up less than 1% of kratom’s overall alkaloid content.

Factors that affect kratom alkaloid content

All kratom strains have varying alkaloid percentages. A 2021 study established that environmental conditions, soil composition, and other factors can influence the types and levels of these naturally occurring compounds.

Plant Age

As a kratom tree matures, its chemical makeup evolves. It produces more compounds in its early developmental stages. Leaves harvested when the plant is still young may contain different alkaloid levels compared to those collected at later stages.

Early harvesting may also result in a more concentrated profile of active compounds, as the plant is still in a rapid growth phase.

Soil content

The living and non-living matter in the area where a kratom plant grows plays a significant role in its development and alkaloid composition. When cultivated under ideal conditions, the plant may produce a richer profile of naturally occurring compounds. This, in turn, can influence the way alkaloids interact with the body.

Here are some key soil elements that may impact alkaloid content:

• Nitrogen Levels: Nitrogen is essential for plant growth. Experts suggest that when nitrogen is abundant in the soil and surrounding atmosphere, kratom plants may synthesize a greater variety of alkaloids.

• Bacterial Microbiome: Beneficial bacteria present in the soil can affect a plant’s health and productivity. A rich microbial environment may support more robust alkaloid development.

• Salt Content: Research indicates that elevated salt levels in the soil may trigger the plant to produce stronger alkaloid expressions. However, this can also reduce the overall quantity of alkaloids present, potentially impacting the balance of effects.

While higher salt content may enhance certain characteristics, it also presents challenges that can influence the plant’s chemical makeup. Each of these elements contributes to the final profile of the kratom strain and should be considered when evaluating quality.

Growing environment

The environmental conditions where kratom is cultivated can significantly influence its alkaloid profile. The following factors are known to play an essential role in the development of these naturally occurring compounds:

• Moisture: Kratom trees thrive in humid, rainy regions that offer the precise level of moisture required for healthy growth. Environments that are too dry or overly saturated may impact the plant’s alkaloid production.

• Temperature: While kratom trees adapt to various climates, the temperature of their growing environment can influence their chemical makeup. Each strain may respond differently—some perform better in warmer conditions, while others may prefer cooler temperatures. It's believed that temperature can affect exposure to carbon dioxide, an important element for plant development.

Sunlight

Alkaloid synthesis in kratom may also be influenced by the plant's exposure to sunlight. However, the relationship between sunlight and alkaloid production isn’t yet fully understood.

Some strains appear to develop higher alkaloid levels when exposed to prolonged sunlight, while others seem to grow better in shaded or lower-light conditions.

Although these are the key factors currently known to affect alkaloid content, researchers believe there may be additional environmental variables yet to be discovered that contribute to the overall composition and characteristics of each kratom strain.

What kratom strains have the most alkaloids?

The Bali strain reportedly contains the highest variety of alkaloids. One study identified 24 different alkaloids in red Bali, which places it ahead of many other strains that typically contain 11 or fewer naturally occurring compounds.

Green Malay is also known for its rich alkaloid profile. It ranks among the most popular varieties and is recognized for its high mitragynine content.

The lowdown on kratom alkaloids

As interest in kratom grows, so does the need for further research to better understand its natural components. Mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and speciociliatine are a few of the many alkaloids studied in this plant.

These compounds are believed to play a key role in the overall effects of kratom. The alkaloid makeup can vary between strains, influencing how each variety may be experienced.

Do you want high-quality, pure products? Kratom Country offers lab-tested, QC-inspected kratom from different strains and veins. Why not discover the potential effects of these alkaloids for yourself?

FAQs

Do you have any more queries about the alkaloids in kratom? Below are some frequently asked questions with our expert answers.

How much mitragynine is in a gram of kratom?

Mitragynine typically makes up about 0.5% to 1% of each kratom leaf. This means a gram of kratom may contain approximately 5–10 mg of mitragynine, depending on the strain and other factors.

How long does it take for kratom alkaloids to take effect in the body?

It generally takes about 5–10 minutes after use for the effects to begin, although timing may vary depending on factors like serving size, individual metabolism, and how the kratom was consumed.

The overall duration may range from 2–5 hours, but trace alkaloids could remain in the system for several days. Factors such as body composition, age, organ function, and hydration levels may influence how long the compounds stay in your system.

Are there any risks associated with consuming kratom alkaloids?

Some users have reported side effects such as dry mouth, fatigue, nausea, constipation, frequent urination, and changes in appetite. In rare cases and at high intake levels, more serious issues may occur. It's important to be mindful of your body's response and consult a healthcare professional if you have any concerns.

What is the relationship between kratom alkaloid content and kratom potency?

The alkaloid content in kratom can influence how the strain may be experienced. Strains with higher concentrations of specific alkaloids are often reported to have more noticeable effects, though this can vary depending on individual sensitivity and other variables.